LDCE QUESTION PAPERS YEAR WISE
SOUTHERN RAILWAY
11TH JUNE 2008
PAPER I
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE & ENGLISH, OFFICIAL LANGUAGE POLICY: GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE RAILWAYS. BOOKS AND BUDGET INCLUDING TRAFFIC BOOK
Important this paper contains two sections – A B & C both sections have to be answered section A carries 50 marks and section B carries 100 marks
SECTION A (MAX MARKS-50)
1. Write short notes on any two of the following (10 marks)
a) Narmada Bachao
b) VAT
c) Organ Transplant
d) Right to Information Act
2. Expand the following abbreviations ( 5 marks – ½ marks each)
a) LPG
b)CAT
c)PAC
d)SPV
e)ONGC
f) UPSC
g)SPCA
h) PERT
g) IMF
h) IRCTC
3. Explain the concept of Raj Bhasha how it is implemented in your office (Please restrict your note to 250 words) 5 marks
4. Name the authors of the following books ( 5 marks)
a) God of Small Things
b) Malgudi Days
c) As You Like It
D) My Experiments With Truth
E) Arthashastra
F) Who Moved My Cheese
G) Anand Math
H) The Monk Who Sold His Ferrari
I) Discovery of India
J) Harry Potter and Order Of Phoenix
5. Fill in the blanks (5 marks)
a) Veni ______ vicci
b) A Stitch in time _____________ ____________
c) Ignorance is _____________
d) Rise and Fall of _________ __________
e) Few and ________ between
f) I came, I saw and I __________
g) Jai Jawan Jai ____________
h) A thing of ________ is a joy forever
i) if they don’t have bread let them ear ____________
j) a ___________ measures earthquake
6. Briefly explain the difference between the following (10 marks)
a) Fundamental rights and directive principles
b) bonafide and malafide
c) BOLT & BOT
d) Limited tender an d open tender
e) Concurrence and sanction
7. The following personalities have been newsworthy. Briefly state the reason ( 10 marks)
a) E Sreedharan
b) INDIRA Nooyi
c) Barack Obama
d) J K Rowling
e) Sunita Williams
f) Kiran Mazumdar Shaw
g) Dalai Lama
h) Ratan Tata
i) Asif Ali Sardari
j) Hillary Clinton
SECTION B MAX MARKS 100
This section contains two parts A & B Attempt four questions taking any two from each
All questions carry equal marks of 25 each
1. What is the need for separate audit by representatives of comptroller and auditor general with effective internal auditing within the system, can c& AG Audit can be dispensed with discuss in detail giving pros and cons.
2. Write short notes on any five
a) Konkan Railway Corporation
b) Canons of Financial Propriety
c) Delegation of powers
d) reappropriations
e) Charged and voted expenditure
f) Railway Board
g) Dedicated freight corridor
3. In the present set up of Indian railways what are the different “FUNDS” In brief describe the nature of each fund and their operation. Briefly discuss “CAPITAL FUNDS”
4. How is the “operating ratio” calculated? What the limitations of this ratio in assessing the financial viability of the railway. What are your suggestions to bring down the operating ratio of Southern Railway?
5. “Railway finances were separated fro general finances primarily to secure stability for civil estimates by providing for an assured contribution from railway revenues and also to introduce flexibility in the administration of railway finances, is this concept still relevant today. Discuss relative advantages and disadvantages.
PART B
1. What is the purpose of “accounts office balance sheet. Briefly indicate the nature of debit and credit entries. What action would be taken for realisation of old outstanding?
2. Write short notes on any five
a) Zero based budgeting
b) Suspense heads
c) Apportionment of earnings
d) M & P Programme
e) Approximate account current
f) Railway Act
3. What is “appropriation accounts” annexure J is an index of the efficiency of the accounts department. Discuss how we can on southern railway minimise the number of instances brought under annexure J
4. In the existing systems, the closure of accounts take considerable time. Even then the booked expenditure do not reflect the actual and correct picture. Critically examine the procedure of monthly, quarterly and annual closing and give your suggestions for improving the existing system. Also indicates whether approximate account current should continue
5. “Traditional Budgeting is functionally oriented and accounting oriented but not result oriented. Zero based budgeting is an improvement over traditional budgeting” dicusss this statement in detail in the context Indian railways and also explain how zero based budget can be applied for revenue budget (i.e. working expenses).
LDCE QUESTION PAPERS YEAR WISE
SOUTHERN RAILWAY
12TH JUNE 2008
PAPER II
TOTAL SIX QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED – TWO FROM PART I AND TWO FROM PART II AND TWO FROM EITHER PART III A OR III B ALL QUESTIONS CARRY EQUAL MARKS
PART I
FINANCIAL JUSTIFICATION FOR EXPENDITURE and TRAFFIC COSTING (MAX MARKS 50) ATTEMPT ANY TWO OUT OF QUESTIONS 1 TO 4
1 In the context of railway operations, explain the cost of joint costs. What is the basis on which such costs are apportioned among various services?
2. Write short notes on any five (maxi marks 5 each)
a.) Uneconomic Branch Lines
b.) Out of Turn Works
C) Special Limited Tenders
D) Throughput Enhanced Works
E) Terminal Charges
F) Orange Book and Pink Book
G) Specific Fuel Consumption
3. What is meant by productivity test and how it is applied to new projects? Do they serve the purpose as intended?
4. Highlight the importance of Sensitivity Analysis in evaluating investment proposals. How would you apply this to a proposal for a new line project?
PART II
MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING (MAX MARKS 50) ANSWER ANY TWO QUESTIONS OUT OF QUESTIONS 5 TO 8
5. Define Break Even Analysis how it is calculated and what are the uses of Break-Even Analysis as a management tool
6. Write short notes on any five:
a) Management Audit
B) Profit Volume Ratio
C) Wagon Turn Around
D) Variance Analysis
E) Net Tonne Kilometres
F) Standard Costing
7. What is meant by financial ratios illustrate any two ratios can operating ratio be taken as a financial ratio give reasons
8. Discuss in detail the concept of performance of budgeting and its application in railway working
PART III MAX MARKS 50
Important answer any two out of questions 9 to 12 or any two out of questions 13 to 16
PART III A
9. What is meant by apportionment of earnings how is it done in respect of goods earnings of through traffic?
10. What is traffic suspense what are the items that constitute traffic suspense give your suggestions to reduce traffic suspense on Southern Railway?
11. Write short notes on any five
a) Leave Not Due
B) Staff Benefit Fund
C) Foreign Service Contribution
D) Supernumerary Post
E) Ex Gratia Payment
F) Special Casual Leave
12. (a) Briefly describe the organisational set up of the statistical department
And
(b) Define the following
i. Engine Hours
ii. Gross Tonne Kilometres
iii. Route Kilometres
iv. Occupation Ratio
PART III B
WORKSHOP STORES ACCOUNTS AND GENERAL EXPENDITURE
13. discuss how the POH of a Locomotive is worked out and explain how direct and indirect costs are taken into accounts
14. (a) what is stock adjustment accounts
(b) What are the various items adjusted through this account
C. Who is the competent authority to sanction the clearance of balance under this head
15. What are the essentials of a good inventory control system? Discuss ABC analysis and its advantages
16. Write short notes on any five
a) Completion Estimates and Completion Reports
B) Risk and Cost
C) Non-Schedule Items
D) Final Location Survey
E) Fall Clause
f) EFT and ECS
Wednesday, October 07, 2009
LDCE QUESTIONS 2007
LDCE QUESTION PAPERS YEAR WISE 2007
SOUTHERN RAILWAY
14TH FEBRUARY 2007
PAPER I
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE & ENGLISH, OFFICIAL LANGUAGE POLICY: GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE RAILWAYS. BOOKS AND BUDGET INCLUDING TRAFFIC BOOK
Important this paper contains two sections – A & B. Both sections have to be answered section A carries 50 marks and section B carries 100 marks
SECTION A (MAX MARKS-50)
1. write a short essay on any of the following (10 marks)
a. If there is poverty anywhere, it affects prosperity every where.
b. Effect of information technology on employment – is it positive or negative?
c. Raj Bhasha policy implementation on IR
2. Expand the following abbreviations ( 5 marks – 0.5 marks)
a. GDP b. CDROM c. RVNL d.GPS e. LIBOR f. PSLV g. GSLV h. SEBI i. BOLT j. ASEAN
3. Find the difference in meaning and usage of the following pairs of words( 5 marks)
a. effluent & affluent b. hallmark & bench mark c. jeans & genes d. affect & effect e. interpret & interrupt
4. why have these persons been in the news ( 5 marks)
a. Dr Raja J Cheeliah b. Nawjot Singh Siddhu c. Wangari Maathai d. Mohammed Ynus e. Shane Warne
5. give the name of the authors of these books (5 marks)
a. Search in Secret India b. Raja Tarangini c. The World is flat d. Ignited Minds e. Savitri
6. where are the following situated ( 3 marks 0.5 marks )
a. Buland Darwaza b. Hawa Mahal c. RDSO d. Petronas Towers e. Rolland Garros Ground f. Wax Museum of Madam Tussaud
7. Match the following ( 2 marks 0.5 marks)
Uber cup Cricket
China man Tennis
Check mate Badminton
Deuce chess
8. write a paragraph on any two of the following ( 4 marks each)
a. Dedicated Freight Corridor b. Ombudsman c. GM Crops d. Garib Rath
9. use the following in sentences of your own ( 6 marks 1 ½ marks each)
a. ultra wires b. de-novo c. suo-moto d. inter-alia
10. use the following idioms In your own sentences ( 5 marks)
a. bite the dust b. strike a balance c. in the same breath d. cast the first stone e. pay through the nose
SECTION B MAX MARKS 100
This section contains two parts A & B Attempt four questions taking any two from each
All questions carry equal marks
Part A
1. in a developing country like India on the threshold of the take-off, there is always competing demands between remunerative tariffs and societal needs. This calls of new ways of resource rising and innovative revenue measures. Describe the recent steps taken by IR in the regard. Do you have any suggestion?
2. the public accounts committee of parliament has repeatedly criticised the increasing trend of misclassifications ain accounts and mistakes in budgeting. Present an analysis of the causes for these problems. Suggest appropriate steps to eliminate their recurrence
3. railways are at once a Govt dept and commercial enterprise. Discuss how the twin-need of Govt and commercial accounting are satisfied in railway accounting process. Discuss the issue of dividend payment to the central revenue in this context.
4. write shot notes on any two of the following :
a. Integrated Budget b. Zero Based Budgeting c. Performance Budgeting d. Corporate Plans
Part B
5. Raiwlay Board (FC) have recently appointed a committee to explore the reasons for the delay in submission of monthly actual expenditure and also the variations between the approximates and the actuals. From your angle, analyze the causes for these delays and variations. Can the approximate be dispensed with the actuals submitted at an earlier date? Suggest steps for this.
6. There is a plethora of suspense heads in railway accounting. Discuss the need for continued operation of these suspense heads, specifically focussing on one suspense head each from Earnings, revenue expenditure and works expenditure
7. Write short notes on the following
a. demands payable b. exchequer control c. SRS F d. Annual Debt head Report
8. What is the accounting mechanism for recording the traffic earnings of a railway under various heads and their progressive realisation? Also describe the procedure for the apportionment of traffic earnings amongst railways
ANSWER ANY TWO out of questions 9 to 12 or ANY TWO out of questions 13 to 16 (25 each)
PART III A TRAFFIC ACCOUNTS STATISTICS AND ESTABLISHMENT ( 50 MARKS)
9. do you agree with the statement the magnitude of outstanding under traffic suspense reflects the efficiency of traffic accounts office? Discuss with your suggestions to bring it to the optimal levels.
10. a. what are the various types of statistical information generated from a goods invoice? Explain in detail how any three of them are calculated.
b. what is the reason for the continued difference between accounts office figures and statistical figures in monthly earnings?
11. Write short notes on
a. leave not due b. recent changes in the haulage charges of postal traffic c. scale check register d. combine train reports
12. Give significance of the following statistical results
a. wagon kilometres per wagon per day b. net tonne kilo meters c. occupation ratio d. net tonne kilo meters per engine hour
Part III B WORKSHOP AND STORES ACCOUNTS AND GENERAL EXPENDITURE
13. Elucidate
a. what are the constituent elements of workshop manufacturing suspense?
b. the objective and procedure for job costing in a railway workshop. How would you take make or buy decision based on cost data?
14. write short notes on
a. VED b.repeat order c. stores exception reports d. transfer pricing
15. a. describe the various techniques used for reducing the material cost through various stages in the purchase,storage, issue and disposal
b. how is inventory turn over ratio calculated? Can it be termed as a reliable index of inventory management
16. discuss the management information system with special reference to material management. Explain how the system helps the management in decision making.
LDCE QUESTION PAPERS YEAR WISE
SOUTHERN RAILWAY
15TH FEBRUARY 2007
PAPER II
TOTAL SIX QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED – TWO FROM PART I AND TWO FROM PART II AND TWO FROM EITHER PART III A OR III B ALL QUESTIONS CARRY EQUAL MARKS
PART I
FINANCIAL JUSTIFICATION FOR EXPENDITURE and TRAFFIC COSTING (MAX MARKS 50)
1. Describe the steps/stages involved in preparing a project report for new line project, predominantly for carrying iron ore. How is the project-appraisal and sensitivity analysis done for assessing the viability of the project? Assume your own data
2. Answer the following
a. there is a section of opinion which holds that cross-subsidisation in fares between passenger and goods in railways should be abandoned and the fare structure should align costs with tariff. Does the present traffic costing system provide adequate and reliable data to discuss the opinion?
b. discuss the methodologies of costing EMU services
3. Discuss any three of the following in brief
a. social cost benefit analysis b. specific fuel consumption c. apportionment of joint costs d. green book e. two packet system of tendering f. risk and cost tender
4. Railways need alternative sources for plan expenditure. Discuss the schemes like BOLT, BOT and projects under PPP in furthering this purpose.
PART II MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING ( Max marks 50)
5. Explain the concept and utility of financial ratio analysis. Discuss the use of at least four ratios to assess the comparative performance of a railway in different periods as well as with other railways
6.
a. discuss cost volume-profit analysis . Describe the utility of break-even analysis for profit planning, continue or drop a product, make or buy decisions etc
b. zenith company manufactures a special cement which is sold in bags of 20 kgs its financial data is given below
Selling price per bag: Rs. 30.00
Variable cost per bag: Rs 16.00
Fixed cost : Rs 100000.00
Quantity : 3000 bags
Calculate the following
a. Break even quantity
b. Assume 10 % increase in fixed cost and calculate the new break even point
c. Assume 50 % increase in fixed cost and calculate the new break even point
d. Assume increase in variable cost to Rs 20 per bag and calculate the new break even point
7. write short notes on any three of the following
a. variance analysis b. fund flow analysis c. AFRES d. PERT
8. what is meant by Product Life Cycle Costing? Also explain the purpose of the same. What step you would recommend to reduce the life cycle cost in a railway production unit?
SOUTHERN RAILWAY
14TH FEBRUARY 2007
PAPER I
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE & ENGLISH, OFFICIAL LANGUAGE POLICY: GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE RAILWAYS. BOOKS AND BUDGET INCLUDING TRAFFIC BOOK
Important this paper contains two sections – A & B. Both sections have to be answered section A carries 50 marks and section B carries 100 marks
SECTION A (MAX MARKS-50)
1. write a short essay on any of the following (10 marks)
a. If there is poverty anywhere, it affects prosperity every where.
b. Effect of information technology on employment – is it positive or negative?
c. Raj Bhasha policy implementation on IR
2. Expand the following abbreviations ( 5 marks – 0.5 marks)
a. GDP b. CDROM c. RVNL d.GPS e. LIBOR f. PSLV g. GSLV h. SEBI i. BOLT j. ASEAN
3. Find the difference in meaning and usage of the following pairs of words( 5 marks)
a. effluent & affluent b. hallmark & bench mark c. jeans & genes d. affect & effect e. interpret & interrupt
4. why have these persons been in the news ( 5 marks)
a. Dr Raja J Cheeliah b. Nawjot Singh Siddhu c. Wangari Maathai d. Mohammed Ynus e. Shane Warne
5. give the name of the authors of these books (5 marks)
a. Search in Secret India b. Raja Tarangini c. The World is flat d. Ignited Minds e. Savitri
6. where are the following situated ( 3 marks 0.5 marks )
a. Buland Darwaza b. Hawa Mahal c. RDSO d. Petronas Towers e. Rolland Garros Ground f. Wax Museum of Madam Tussaud
7. Match the following ( 2 marks 0.5 marks)
Uber cup Cricket
China man Tennis
Check mate Badminton
Deuce chess
8. write a paragraph on any two of the following ( 4 marks each)
a. Dedicated Freight Corridor b. Ombudsman c. GM Crops d. Garib Rath
9. use the following in sentences of your own ( 6 marks 1 ½ marks each)
a. ultra wires b. de-novo c. suo-moto d. inter-alia
10. use the following idioms In your own sentences ( 5 marks)
a. bite the dust b. strike a balance c. in the same breath d. cast the first stone e. pay through the nose
SECTION B MAX MARKS 100
This section contains two parts A & B Attempt four questions taking any two from each
All questions carry equal marks
Part A
1. in a developing country like India on the threshold of the take-off, there is always competing demands between remunerative tariffs and societal needs. This calls of new ways of resource rising and innovative revenue measures. Describe the recent steps taken by IR in the regard. Do you have any suggestion?
2. the public accounts committee of parliament has repeatedly criticised the increasing trend of misclassifications ain accounts and mistakes in budgeting. Present an analysis of the causes for these problems. Suggest appropriate steps to eliminate their recurrence
3. railways are at once a Govt dept and commercial enterprise. Discuss how the twin-need of Govt and commercial accounting are satisfied in railway accounting process. Discuss the issue of dividend payment to the central revenue in this context.
4. write shot notes on any two of the following :
a. Integrated Budget b. Zero Based Budgeting c. Performance Budgeting d. Corporate Plans
Part B
5. Raiwlay Board (FC) have recently appointed a committee to explore the reasons for the delay in submission of monthly actual expenditure and also the variations between the approximates and the actuals. From your angle, analyze the causes for these delays and variations. Can the approximate be dispensed with the actuals submitted at an earlier date? Suggest steps for this.
6. There is a plethora of suspense heads in railway accounting. Discuss the need for continued operation of these suspense heads, specifically focussing on one suspense head each from Earnings, revenue expenditure and works expenditure
7. Write short notes on the following
a. demands payable b. exchequer control c. SRS F d. Annual Debt head Report
8. What is the accounting mechanism for recording the traffic earnings of a railway under various heads and their progressive realisation? Also describe the procedure for the apportionment of traffic earnings amongst railways
ANSWER ANY TWO out of questions 9 to 12 or ANY TWO out of questions 13 to 16 (25 each)
PART III A TRAFFIC ACCOUNTS STATISTICS AND ESTABLISHMENT ( 50 MARKS)
9. do you agree with the statement the magnitude of outstanding under traffic suspense reflects the efficiency of traffic accounts office? Discuss with your suggestions to bring it to the optimal levels.
10. a. what are the various types of statistical information generated from a goods invoice? Explain in detail how any three of them are calculated.
b. what is the reason for the continued difference between accounts office figures and statistical figures in monthly earnings?
11. Write short notes on
a. leave not due b. recent changes in the haulage charges of postal traffic c. scale check register d. combine train reports
12. Give significance of the following statistical results
a. wagon kilometres per wagon per day b. net tonne kilo meters c. occupation ratio d. net tonne kilo meters per engine hour
Part III B WORKSHOP AND STORES ACCOUNTS AND GENERAL EXPENDITURE
13. Elucidate
a. what are the constituent elements of workshop manufacturing suspense?
b. the objective and procedure for job costing in a railway workshop. How would you take make or buy decision based on cost data?
14. write short notes on
a. VED b.repeat order c. stores exception reports d. transfer pricing
15. a. describe the various techniques used for reducing the material cost through various stages in the purchase,storage, issue and disposal
b. how is inventory turn over ratio calculated? Can it be termed as a reliable index of inventory management
16. discuss the management information system with special reference to material management. Explain how the system helps the management in decision making.
LDCE QUESTION PAPERS YEAR WISE
SOUTHERN RAILWAY
15TH FEBRUARY 2007
PAPER II
TOTAL SIX QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED – TWO FROM PART I AND TWO FROM PART II AND TWO FROM EITHER PART III A OR III B ALL QUESTIONS CARRY EQUAL MARKS
PART I
FINANCIAL JUSTIFICATION FOR EXPENDITURE and TRAFFIC COSTING (MAX MARKS 50)
1. Describe the steps/stages involved in preparing a project report for new line project, predominantly for carrying iron ore. How is the project-appraisal and sensitivity analysis done for assessing the viability of the project? Assume your own data
2. Answer the following
a. there is a section of opinion which holds that cross-subsidisation in fares between passenger and goods in railways should be abandoned and the fare structure should align costs with tariff. Does the present traffic costing system provide adequate and reliable data to discuss the opinion?
b. discuss the methodologies of costing EMU services
3. Discuss any three of the following in brief
a. social cost benefit analysis b. specific fuel consumption c. apportionment of joint costs d. green book e. two packet system of tendering f. risk and cost tender
4. Railways need alternative sources for plan expenditure. Discuss the schemes like BOLT, BOT and projects under PPP in furthering this purpose.
PART II MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING ( Max marks 50)
5. Explain the concept and utility of financial ratio analysis. Discuss the use of at least four ratios to assess the comparative performance of a railway in different periods as well as with other railways
6.
a. discuss cost volume-profit analysis . Describe the utility of break-even analysis for profit planning, continue or drop a product, make or buy decisions etc
b. zenith company manufactures a special cement which is sold in bags of 20 kgs its financial data is given below
Selling price per bag: Rs. 30.00
Variable cost per bag: Rs 16.00
Fixed cost : Rs 100000.00
Quantity : 3000 bags
Calculate the following
a. Break even quantity
b. Assume 10 % increase in fixed cost and calculate the new break even point
c. Assume 50 % increase in fixed cost and calculate the new break even point
d. Assume increase in variable cost to Rs 20 per bag and calculate the new break even point
7. write short notes on any three of the following
a. variance analysis b. fund flow analysis c. AFRES d. PERT
8. what is meant by Product Life Cycle Costing? Also explain the purpose of the same. What step you would recommend to reduce the life cycle cost in a railway production unit?
LDCE QUESTIONS 2003
LDCE QUESTION PAPERS YEAR WISE
MAY 2003
PAPER I
PART I GENERAL KNOWLEDGE & ENGLISH
1. Expand the following abbreviations ( 5 marks half marks each)
a) BCCI
b) KRCL
c) RITES
d) IRSSE
e) GNP
f) MFN
g) CCRS
h) FEMA
i) CD-ROM
j) IVRS
2. Name the following (5 marks each half marks each)
a) First Indian woman to win an Olympic medal
b) General manager, southern railway
c) Chairman railway board
d) Mixed doubles’ champions of Australian open 2003
e) Venue of Olympics 2004
f) Currency of Bangladesh
g) Firs president of India
h) Batsman to score the fastest century in cricket world cup
i) The author of the column “with malice towards one and all”
j) Secretary of state USA
3. In which cities would you find the following ( 5 marks half marks each)
a) Leaning Tower
b) Statue Of Liberty
c) Lotus Temple
d) Hutatma Chowk
e) Louvers Museum
f) ‘Petronas’ Towers
g) Gate Way Of India
h) Popes’ Residence
i) Vidhan Soudha
j) Wimbledon
4. Match the following ( 3 marks half mark each)
1. rugby a. castle
2. golf b. pole position
3. motor racing c. deuce
4. chess d. little slam
5. tennis e. eagle
6. contract bridge f. touch down
5. Name the authors of the following books ( 2 marks half mark each)
a) Interpreter Of Maladies
b) Discovery Of India
c) A Suitable Boy
d) Madhushala
6. What are the following ( 3 marks half mark each)
a) East coast railway head quarters
b) Rail coach factory
c) Diesel component works
d) Garden reach
e) Baroda house
f) IRIATT
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
8. USE THE FOLLOWING to bring out the difference in meaning ( 5 marks 1 mark each)
a) Bear and bare
b) Lose and loose
c) Break and brake
d) Severe and persevere
e) Genes and jeans
9. use the following in your own sentences ( 10 marks 1 mark each)
a) Suo moto
b) Fight shy of
c) De facto
d) Let sleeping dogs lie
e) Lingua franca
f) Take to heart
g) Ad infinitum
h) At the eleventh hour
i) Par excellence
j) Laughing stock
10. Write a para of not more than SIX sentences on ANY TWO of the following (10 marks 5 marks each)
a) Child is the father of the man
b) There is many a slip between the cup and the lip
c) Brevity is the soul of wit
PART II GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING (50 marks)
11. Write briefly about the various funds now in operation in Indian railways (10)
12. Answer ANY TWO of the following (20 each)
a) Trace briefly the various stages from survey to completion report of a new line
b) Write short notes on ANY TWO of the following
1. appropriation accounts
2. misc advance revenue
3. productivity test
c) Distinguish between ANY TWO of the following
1. Operating ratio and PEI
2. TC and JV
3. Sundry earnings and miscellaneous earnings
PART III BOOKS & BUDGET (INCLUDING TRAFFIC BOOK) (50 MARKS)
13. What steps would you suggest to reduce cash handling by railway (10)
14. Answer ANY TWO of the following
a) How are the earnings apportioned between zonal railways? Is apportionment necessary?
b) Distinguish between approximate and actual account current. Is it necessary to prepare both?
c) What are the various components of traffic suspense? How can we control each of them?
LDCE QUESTION PAPERS YEAR WISE 2003
PAPER II
SIX QUESTIONS ARE TO ANSWERED (TWO FROM PART I TWO FROM PART II AND TWO FROM EITHER PART III A OR PART III B) (each question carries 25 marks)
Part I FINANCIAL JUSTIFICATION AND TRAFFIC COSTING ( 50 MARKS)
1. How are Suburban cost worked out in the railway? Is the methodology adequate?
2. write short notes on ANY THREE of the following
a. urgency certificate
b. debits under demand no 9
c. material modification
d. wagon turn round
3. if the route between Madurai and Tutucorin is to electrified how will you work out the justification? What are the major data required?
PART II MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING (50 MARKS)
4. What are the various sources of non-traditional earnings that have been and can be exploited by railways? Comment on the success or failure of the efforts to southern railway in this area in 2001-02 and 2002-03
5. What is ratio analysis? Discuss any two major ratios used in railways vis-à-vis companies
6. Discuss the use of computers in railway financial management. What are the areas that should be covered in computerised financial management information system?
ANSWER ANY TWO out of questions 7, 8 and 9 or ANY TWO out of questions 0,11 and 12 (25 each)
PART III A TRAFFIC ACCOUNTS STATISTICS AND ESTABLISHEMENT ( 50 MARKS)
7. Introduction of PRS, ARTS machines and other modernisations hve led to newer types of frauds. What steps can be taken by traffic accounts office and TIAs to detect these frauds? Illustrate your answer with at least two types of frauds
8. Write shot notes on ANT THREE of the following
a) LPC
b) Combined/joint train report
c) NTKM
d) Classification of commodities
e) Leave not due
9. How would you check the following proposals?
a. station to station rate for moving sponge iron
b. proposal under volume discount scheme
c. opening of a halt station
PART III B WORKSHOP &STORES AND GENERAL EXPENDITURE (50 marks)
10 a. explain the concept of part estimates
b. is there any need for accounts office to vet tender schedule in works tenders? Write in detail bringing out Board’s orders on the subject
11. Write short notes on ANY THREE of the following
a) Turnover ratio
b) Letter of credit
c) Basic schedule of rates
d) Material at site accounts
12 how are POH debits settled between two zonal railways? What are the reasons or wide variation in POH costs in different workshops and what can be done to bring about uniformity?
MAY 2003
PAPER I
PART I GENERAL KNOWLEDGE & ENGLISH
1. Expand the following abbreviations ( 5 marks half marks each)
a) BCCI
b) KRCL
c) RITES
d) IRSSE
e) GNP
f) MFN
g) CCRS
h) FEMA
i) CD-ROM
j) IVRS
2. Name the following (5 marks each half marks each)
a) First Indian woman to win an Olympic medal
b) General manager, southern railway
c) Chairman railway board
d) Mixed doubles’ champions of Australian open 2003
e) Venue of Olympics 2004
f) Currency of Bangladesh
g) Firs president of India
h) Batsman to score the fastest century in cricket world cup
i) The author of the column “with malice towards one and all”
j) Secretary of state USA
3. In which cities would you find the following ( 5 marks half marks each)
a) Leaning Tower
b) Statue Of Liberty
c) Lotus Temple
d) Hutatma Chowk
e) Louvers Museum
f) ‘Petronas’ Towers
g) Gate Way Of India
h) Popes’ Residence
i) Vidhan Soudha
j) Wimbledon
4. Match the following ( 3 marks half mark each)
1. rugby a. castle
2. golf b. pole position
3. motor racing c. deuce
4. chess d. little slam
5. tennis e. eagle
6. contract bridge f. touch down
5. Name the authors of the following books ( 2 marks half mark each)
a) Interpreter Of Maladies
b) Discovery Of India
c) A Suitable Boy
d) Madhushala
6. What are the following ( 3 marks half mark each)
a) East coast railway head quarters
b) Rail coach factory
c) Diesel component works
d) Garden reach
e) Baroda house
f) IRIATT
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
8. USE THE FOLLOWING to bring out the difference in meaning ( 5 marks 1 mark each)
a) Bear and bare
b) Lose and loose
c) Break and brake
d) Severe and persevere
e) Genes and jeans
9. use the following in your own sentences ( 10 marks 1 mark each)
a) Suo moto
b) Fight shy of
c) De facto
d) Let sleeping dogs lie
e) Lingua franca
f) Take to heart
g) Ad infinitum
h) At the eleventh hour
i) Par excellence
j) Laughing stock
10. Write a para of not more than SIX sentences on ANY TWO of the following (10 marks 5 marks each)
a) Child is the father of the man
b) There is many a slip between the cup and the lip
c) Brevity is the soul of wit
PART II GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING (50 marks)
11. Write briefly about the various funds now in operation in Indian railways (10)
12. Answer ANY TWO of the following (20 each)
a) Trace briefly the various stages from survey to completion report of a new line
b) Write short notes on ANY TWO of the following
1. appropriation accounts
2. misc advance revenue
3. productivity test
c) Distinguish between ANY TWO of the following
1. Operating ratio and PEI
2. TC and JV
3. Sundry earnings and miscellaneous earnings
PART III BOOKS & BUDGET (INCLUDING TRAFFIC BOOK) (50 MARKS)
13. What steps would you suggest to reduce cash handling by railway (10)
14. Answer ANY TWO of the following
a) How are the earnings apportioned between zonal railways? Is apportionment necessary?
b) Distinguish between approximate and actual account current. Is it necessary to prepare both?
c) What are the various components of traffic suspense? How can we control each of them?
LDCE QUESTION PAPERS YEAR WISE 2003
PAPER II
SIX QUESTIONS ARE TO ANSWERED (TWO FROM PART I TWO FROM PART II AND TWO FROM EITHER PART III A OR PART III B) (each question carries 25 marks)
Part I FINANCIAL JUSTIFICATION AND TRAFFIC COSTING ( 50 MARKS)
1. How are Suburban cost worked out in the railway? Is the methodology adequate?
2. write short notes on ANY THREE of the following
a. urgency certificate
b. debits under demand no 9
c. material modification
d. wagon turn round
3. if the route between Madurai and Tutucorin is to electrified how will you work out the justification? What are the major data required?
PART II MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING (50 MARKS)
4. What are the various sources of non-traditional earnings that have been and can be exploited by railways? Comment on the success or failure of the efforts to southern railway in this area in 2001-02 and 2002-03
5. What is ratio analysis? Discuss any two major ratios used in railways vis-à-vis companies
6. Discuss the use of computers in railway financial management. What are the areas that should be covered in computerised financial management information system?
ANSWER ANY TWO out of questions 7, 8 and 9 or ANY TWO out of questions 0,11 and 12 (25 each)
PART III A TRAFFIC ACCOUNTS STATISTICS AND ESTABLISHEMENT ( 50 MARKS)
7. Introduction of PRS, ARTS machines and other modernisations hve led to newer types of frauds. What steps can be taken by traffic accounts office and TIAs to detect these frauds? Illustrate your answer with at least two types of frauds
8. Write shot notes on ANT THREE of the following
a) LPC
b) Combined/joint train report
c) NTKM
d) Classification of commodities
e) Leave not due
9. How would you check the following proposals?
a. station to station rate for moving sponge iron
b. proposal under volume discount scheme
c. opening of a halt station
PART III B WORKSHOP &STORES AND GENERAL EXPENDITURE (50 marks)
10 a. explain the concept of part estimates
b. is there any need for accounts office to vet tender schedule in works tenders? Write in detail bringing out Board’s orders on the subject
11. Write short notes on ANY THREE of the following
a) Turnover ratio
b) Letter of credit
c) Basic schedule of rates
d) Material at site accounts
12 how are POH debits settled between two zonal railways? What are the reasons or wide variation in POH costs in different workshops and what can be done to bring about uniformity?
Monday, October 05, 2009
LDCE QUESTIONS 2001
LDCE QUESTION PAPERS YEAR WISE
14th June 2001
PAPER I
Important; this paper contains two sections A and B. both sections have to be answere. Sectin A carries 50 marks and Section B carries 100 marks
Section A (max marks 50)
GK I Expand the following abbreviations
(i) CBEC (ii) ICICI (iii) IRCON (iv) PAC (v) LIBOR (vi) SAIL (vii) TRAI (viii) BOLT
(ix) UNESCO (x) SEBI 5 marks
GK II write short notes onANY FIVE
I. BALCO disinvestment
II. Dabhol power project
III. External commercial borrowing
IV. Moody’s rating
V. Narmada river valley project
VI. Green house effect
VII. Public distribution system 10 marks
GK III. write short notes in not more than 200 words on ANY ONE of the following
i. Official language policy
ii. Renewable energy sources
iii. Information technology 10 marks
GK 4 name the authors of the following books
i. God of small things
ii. Discovery of India
iii. Malgudi days
iv. Das capital
v. War and peace 5 marks
GK 5 name the sports associated with the following
i. Ranji trophy
ii. Durand cup
iii. Rangaswamy cup
iv. Thomas cup
v. Wimbledon 5 marks
GK 6 Use the following pairs of words in sentences of your own
i. Poll – pole
ii. Adept – adapt
iii. Excepted – expected
iv. Opposite – apposite
v. Cite – site 10 marks
GK 7 Fill up the blanks with suitable preposition
The cabinet __________ Wednesday decided _________ form a sub-committee _____ draw ______ a white paper __________ the financial position _____ the state. The Government wanted ________ place the factual position _____ the people ______ the white paper 5 marks
SECTION B max marks 100
This section contains two parts A and B. attempt any four questions taking any two from each part. All questions carry equal marks
BA 1. Indian railways are required to fund not only commercially viable projects but also non-viable but socially relevant projects over the few decades. The massive investment requirements of the shelf of pending projects need innovative measures for funding. Outline some of the specific initiates taken by the railways in this direction and suggest further measures to over come the problem of resource crunch.
BA 2 how is parliamentary control over railway’s finances exercised? What is the role of various parliamentary committees in this process?
BA 3 writes short notes on ANY FOUR
i. Ways And Means Advances
ii. Rakesh Mohan Committee
iii. Railway Safety Fund
iv. Action Taken Note’
v. Commercial Exploitation Of Land
vi. Amortization
BA 4 what is zero based budgeting. What are the steps taken by the railways in the last five years to adopt this system?
BA 5 what is the role of statutory audit on the Indian railways? Is it possible to dispense with the organization if the internal auditing system is strengthened?
PART B
BB 1 what is appropriate accounts? Annexure J is the index of efficiency of accounts department. Discuss
BB2 there is urgent need to simplify the procedure and speed up the realization and accountal of traffic earnings. Discuss duly explaining the present system in detail
BB3 railways operate a large number of suspense heads. Discuss the need the context and the method of operation of any THREE of them selecting one each from earnings, revenue and expenditure and works expenditure
BB4 the delay in making available the acutals and the wide variation between the approximate and actual render the present system of closing of accounts ineffective and liable for criticism. Give concrete suggestions to make tangible improvements in this area
BB5 physical performance and financial results do not go in tandem so far as earnings are concerned. What are the factors responsible for such a divergence?
&/&/&/
WWW
LDCE QUESTION PAPERS YEAR WISE
15th June 2001
PAPER II
This paper contains two sections A and B. both sections have to be answered .Section A is compulsory for all candidates and carries maximum of 50 marks. Section B which carries maximum of 100 marks has two parts A and B. candidates should attempt either of the two parts depending on their optional subject
SECTION A (max marks 50)
A1 There is an overwhelming view that cross-subsidisation of passenger fare by freight rate should be given up and there should be alignment of tariff with the costs. How far our traffic costing system can be relied upon to take decisions in such important aspect? Do you have any suggestions to make?
A2. What are financial ratios? Enumerate any three of them and examine their applicability to railway working
A3. With the computerisation of accounts is should be possible to determine the cost activity wise. Do you agree? What further measures are required to have meaningful data?
A4. What is the meaning of life cycle costing? What are the areas where it can be employed? Is it an improvement over the normal costing system?
Or
What is marginal costing? Explain the scope for adopting this concept for maximising the intensity of use of railway assets
SECTION B
Important: This section contains two parts A and B. Either part A or part B should be attempted by candidates depending on their choice of optional
Part A (TRAFFIC ACCOUNTS AND STATISTICS; ESTABLISHMENT)
Answer any three questions. All questions carry equal marks
BA 1. How effective is the internal check mechanism of passenger reservations (PRS) and Advanced Railway Ticketing System (ARTS)? Is the system fool proof and free from frauds?
BA2. The magnitude of outstanding under Traffic Suspense reflects the efficiency of traffic accounts office. Discuss
BA3. (i) What are the important operating statistics relating to goods operations?
(ii) What is Specific Fuel Consumption? How it is computed for diesel and electric traction?
BA 4 writes short notes on:
I. Workmen’s compensation
II. Transport allowance
III. Annual statistical statement No 40
IV. Operating ratio
V. Pension fund
BA 5. ‘Recommendation of V pay commission has thrown railway finances out of gear do you agree?
Or
Elaborate the procedures of internal check of establishment claims in a computerised environment as distinct from manual bills
PART B (GENERAL EXPENDITURE ACCOUNTS, WORKSHOP, AND STORES ACCOUNTS)
Answer any THREE questions. All questions carry equal marks
BB1. What are the latest instructions from Railway Board regarding (1) award of contracts n single tender basis for execution of works and (2) post tender negotiation?
BB2. Write short notes on:
(i) risk purchase
(ii) profroma on cost
(iii) “make” or “buy” decision
(iv) completion reports
(v) variation in quantities in a works contract
BB3. “The workshop out-turn statements truly and effectively reflect shop activities and efficiency of workshops accounts office”. Discuss with particular reference to checks to be exercised in the preparation of statement
BB4. How far stock verification can contribute to better material management? What improvement, if any, would you suggest to make it more effective?
BB5. Explain the linkage between stores, WMS and Revenue Budget
BB6. There has been a spurt in the cases referred to for arbitration on this railway. How far is this attributable to the recent changes in the arbitration act? Are there deficiencies in contract formulation and management? Suggest remedies.
14th June 2001
PAPER I
Important; this paper contains two sections A and B. both sections have to be answere. Sectin A carries 50 marks and Section B carries 100 marks
Section A (max marks 50)
GK I Expand the following abbreviations
(i) CBEC (ii) ICICI (iii) IRCON (iv) PAC (v) LIBOR (vi) SAIL (vii) TRAI (viii) BOLT
(ix) UNESCO (x) SEBI 5 marks
GK II write short notes onANY FIVE
I. BALCO disinvestment
II. Dabhol power project
III. External commercial borrowing
IV. Moody’s rating
V. Narmada river valley project
VI. Green house effect
VII. Public distribution system 10 marks
GK III. write short notes in not more than 200 words on ANY ONE of the following
i. Official language policy
ii. Renewable energy sources
iii. Information technology 10 marks
GK 4 name the authors of the following books
i. God of small things
ii. Discovery of India
iii. Malgudi days
iv. Das capital
v. War and peace 5 marks
GK 5 name the sports associated with the following
i. Ranji trophy
ii. Durand cup
iii. Rangaswamy cup
iv. Thomas cup
v. Wimbledon 5 marks
GK 6 Use the following pairs of words in sentences of your own
i. Poll – pole
ii. Adept – adapt
iii. Excepted – expected
iv. Opposite – apposite
v. Cite – site 10 marks
GK 7 Fill up the blanks with suitable preposition
The cabinet __________ Wednesday decided _________ form a sub-committee _____ draw ______ a white paper __________ the financial position _____ the state. The Government wanted ________ place the factual position _____ the people ______ the white paper 5 marks
SECTION B max marks 100
This section contains two parts A and B. attempt any four questions taking any two from each part. All questions carry equal marks
BA 1. Indian railways are required to fund not only commercially viable projects but also non-viable but socially relevant projects over the few decades. The massive investment requirements of the shelf of pending projects need innovative measures for funding. Outline some of the specific initiates taken by the railways in this direction and suggest further measures to over come the problem of resource crunch.
BA 2 how is parliamentary control over railway’s finances exercised? What is the role of various parliamentary committees in this process?
BA 3 writes short notes on ANY FOUR
i. Ways And Means Advances
ii. Rakesh Mohan Committee
iii. Railway Safety Fund
iv. Action Taken Note’
v. Commercial Exploitation Of Land
vi. Amortization
BA 4 what is zero based budgeting. What are the steps taken by the railways in the last five years to adopt this system?
BA 5 what is the role of statutory audit on the Indian railways? Is it possible to dispense with the organization if the internal auditing system is strengthened?
PART B
BB 1 what is appropriate accounts? Annexure J is the index of efficiency of accounts department. Discuss
BB2 there is urgent need to simplify the procedure and speed up the realization and accountal of traffic earnings. Discuss duly explaining the present system in detail
BB3 railways operate a large number of suspense heads. Discuss the need the context and the method of operation of any THREE of them selecting one each from earnings, revenue and expenditure and works expenditure
BB4 the delay in making available the acutals and the wide variation between the approximate and actual render the present system of closing of accounts ineffective and liable for criticism. Give concrete suggestions to make tangible improvements in this area
BB5 physical performance and financial results do not go in tandem so far as earnings are concerned. What are the factors responsible for such a divergence?
&/&/&/
WWW
LDCE QUESTION PAPERS YEAR WISE
15th June 2001
PAPER II
This paper contains two sections A and B. both sections have to be answered .Section A is compulsory for all candidates and carries maximum of 50 marks. Section B which carries maximum of 100 marks has two parts A and B. candidates should attempt either of the two parts depending on their optional subject
SECTION A (max marks 50)
A1 There is an overwhelming view that cross-subsidisation of passenger fare by freight rate should be given up and there should be alignment of tariff with the costs. How far our traffic costing system can be relied upon to take decisions in such important aspect? Do you have any suggestions to make?
A2. What are financial ratios? Enumerate any three of them and examine their applicability to railway working
A3. With the computerisation of accounts is should be possible to determine the cost activity wise. Do you agree? What further measures are required to have meaningful data?
A4. What is the meaning of life cycle costing? What are the areas where it can be employed? Is it an improvement over the normal costing system?
Or
What is marginal costing? Explain the scope for adopting this concept for maximising the intensity of use of railway assets
SECTION B
Important: This section contains two parts A and B. Either part A or part B should be attempted by candidates depending on their choice of optional
Part A (TRAFFIC ACCOUNTS AND STATISTICS; ESTABLISHMENT)
Answer any three questions. All questions carry equal marks
BA 1. How effective is the internal check mechanism of passenger reservations (PRS) and Advanced Railway Ticketing System (ARTS)? Is the system fool proof and free from frauds?
BA2. The magnitude of outstanding under Traffic Suspense reflects the efficiency of traffic accounts office. Discuss
BA3. (i) What are the important operating statistics relating to goods operations?
(ii) What is Specific Fuel Consumption? How it is computed for diesel and electric traction?
BA 4 writes short notes on:
I. Workmen’s compensation
II. Transport allowance
III. Annual statistical statement No 40
IV. Operating ratio
V. Pension fund
BA 5. ‘Recommendation of V pay commission has thrown railway finances out of gear do you agree?
Or
Elaborate the procedures of internal check of establishment claims in a computerised environment as distinct from manual bills
PART B (GENERAL EXPENDITURE ACCOUNTS, WORKSHOP, AND STORES ACCOUNTS)
Answer any THREE questions. All questions carry equal marks
BB1. What are the latest instructions from Railway Board regarding (1) award of contracts n single tender basis for execution of works and (2) post tender negotiation?
BB2. Write short notes on:
(i) risk purchase
(ii) profroma on cost
(iii) “make” or “buy” decision
(iv) completion reports
(v) variation in quantities in a works contract
BB3. “The workshop out-turn statements truly and effectively reflect shop activities and efficiency of workshops accounts office”. Discuss with particular reference to checks to be exercised in the preparation of statement
BB4. How far stock verification can contribute to better material management? What improvement, if any, would you suggest to make it more effective?
BB5. Explain the linkage between stores, WMS and Revenue Budget
BB6. There has been a spurt in the cases referred to for arbitration on this railway. How far is this attributable to the recent changes in the arbitration act? Are there deficiencies in contract formulation and management? Suggest remedies.
LDCE QUESTIONS 1996
LDCE QUESTION PAPERS YEAR WISE
6th September 1996
PAPER I
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE AND ENGLISH; GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RAILWAYS; BOOKS AND BUDGET INCLUDING TRAFFIC BOOK
Important: this paper contains two sections A and B. both the sections have to be answered. Section A carries 50 maximum, and section B carries 100 marks
SECTION A
GK1. Expand the abbreviations in any five 5 marks
a) CTBT
b) ICRISAT
c) NABARD
d) ECAFE
e) PSLV
f) WTO
g) SEBI
h) MAT
i) ILO
j) BIFR
GK2. (I) Write short notes on any five 10 marks
a) Alamatti Dam
b) CHIPKO Movement
c) Medha Patkar
d) Damodhar Valley Corporation
e) Vote On Account
f) Atlanta
g) Solar Energy
Or
(ii) Write the main features of the official language Act 1963 (Act 19 of 1963)
GK3. Write a note in not more than 200 words on any one of the following 15 marks
a) Public sector disinvestment programme
b) Amarnath yatra
c) SAARC
GK 4. Fill up the blanks with suitable preposition 5 marks
Coming back _______ the Eastern Railway, operations were _____ its peak efficiency and ____ February and March 1969, _____ loading figures ____ coal and general goods set new records. ___ far ____ general goods loading is concerned the figures obtained _____ those months have never been reached subsequently.
GK 5. Name the authors of the following books 5 marks
a) Discovery of India
b) My experiments with truth
c) Passage to India
d) As you like it
e) Ivanhoe
GK 6. What is common to the following railway stations from the point of view of fast travel 5 marks
Lucknow, Kalka, Amritsar, Dehardun, Bhopal, Bokaro, Ahmedabad, and Bangalore
GK 7. Name the four highest civilian awards given in our country naming atleast two recipients of the highest award 5 marks
SECTION B (MAXIMUM MARKS 100)
This section contains two parts A and B. attempt any four questions taking any two from each part. All questions carry equal marks of 25
PART A
BA 1. What are the various instruments through which the Indian railway finance corporation raises funds? How are these deposited to meet the capital requirement of railways ? how does the Indian railways discharge its liability to the corporation?
BA 2. write short notes on any four
a) Amortisation
b) Capital Fund
c) Railway Fare And Freight Enquiry Committee
d) Activity Based Costing
e) BOLT Schemes
f) Budgetary Reports
BA3. What are the various committees of parliament relating to railway financial performance? Explain in detail the working of any one of the committees
BA4. “In the wake of economic reforms and liberalisation policies Indian railway’s system and procedures require fundamental change” discuss
BA 5. (a) What is the purpose of different funds in the set up of the existing railway’s financial system?
(b) What are the implications in financial terms and nature of justification between charging of works to capital fund and capital-at-charge?
PART B
BB 1. What do you understand by zero based budget? How is this improvement over the conventional system of budgeting in railways?
BB2. Explain the present system of remittance of earnings into government account. What are your suggestions for improving the promptness of accountal?
BB3. How is the earnings budget of a railway formulated? What is the usefulness of various statistical data in this exercise?
BB4. Within the appropriations voted by parliament, relays should be free to prioritise their investments on works, rolling stock and machinery and plant. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.
BB5. The present system of closing of accounts and transfer adjustments delay the availability of accounting information for decision making. What are the areas in which this can be improved upon?
LDCE QUESTION PAPERS YEAR WISE
7th September 1996
PAPER II
FINANCIAL JUSTIFICATION FOR EXPENDITURE AND TRAFFIC COSTING: MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING, TRAFFIC ACCOUNTS AND STATISTICS: ESTABLISHMENT (OR) GENERAL EXPENDITURE ACCOUNTS WORKSHOP AND STORES ACCOUNTS
Important: this paper contains two sections A and B. both the sections have to be answered. Section A is compulsory for all candidates and carries 50 marks maximum
Section B which carries 100 marks maximum has two parts A and B. candidates should attempt either of the two papers depending on their optional subjects.
Section A maximum marks 50
A – 1. what do you understand by “life-cycle” costing? What are the important areas where it can be employed? How is it an improvement over the normally known costing system?
A – 2. what is meant by financial ratios? Enumerate any three of them. Can the operating ratio be considered as a financial ratio? Give reasons for your answer
A – 3. a work costing Rs 75 Lakhs and not included in the sanctioned budget is required to be executed urgently. What is the procedure to be followed in the zonal railway before the work can be commenced?
A- 4. in regard to goods traffic what is the traffic costing information available? How are they helpful in investment formulation?
Section B
Important: this section contains two part A & B. either part A or Part B should be attempted by candidates depending on their choice of optional. Each part contains a maximum of 100 marks.
Part A Traffic accounts and statistics establishment
Answer any three questions
All questions carry equal marks
BA 1. What is the impact and consequential changes on the traffic accounts office due to introduction of passenger reservation system (PRS) and advanced railway ticketing system (ARTS)? Has this contributed to the efficiency of internal check?
BA 2. Write short notes on
a) Cash in transit
b) Leave not due
c) Ex- Gratia bonus
d) Demands recoverable
e) Charges for haulage of postal traffic
BA 3. What are the types of statistical information generated from a goods invoice? Explain in detail how any three of them are calculated.
BA 4. How far can the procedure relating to internal check in the accounts code be dispensed with in respect of computer prepared pay bills?
BA 5. The performance of the accounts dept in recovering dues to the administration from the employees requires improvement. Can you suggest any system improvement?
Part B General Expenditure accounts workshop and stores accounts
BB1. Higher inventory levels are preferable to “out of stock” situations. What are the economic and financial implications?
BB2 what are the existing safe guards for effective control over expenditure? Can you suggest any improvement?
BB 3. What do you understand by the “two envelope system” in a works tender? How is this an improvement over the existing open tender system?
BB4. The existing system of incentive payment encourages inefficiency and dilutes quality. Can you suggest any alternative system to improve productivity in the workshops?
BB 5. an item was simultaneously ordered on two sources after an open tender – A at Rs 2.00 per unit and B at Rs 2.05 per unit. B completes his supply within the delivery period of 90 days and A fails to even commence supply. In this back ground a proposal is received from the COS for enhancing the quantity on B, arguing that the item is regularly required and stocks will last only 15 days. B is agreeable for the enhancement. What will be your recommendations on the proposal? Give reasons for your answer.
6th September 1996
PAPER I
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE AND ENGLISH; GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RAILWAYS; BOOKS AND BUDGET INCLUDING TRAFFIC BOOK
Important: this paper contains two sections A and B. both the sections have to be answered. Section A carries 50 maximum, and section B carries 100 marks
SECTION A
GK1. Expand the abbreviations in any five 5 marks
a) CTBT
b) ICRISAT
c) NABARD
d) ECAFE
e) PSLV
f) WTO
g) SEBI
h) MAT
i) ILO
j) BIFR
GK2. (I) Write short notes on any five 10 marks
a) Alamatti Dam
b) CHIPKO Movement
c) Medha Patkar
d) Damodhar Valley Corporation
e) Vote On Account
f) Atlanta
g) Solar Energy
Or
(ii) Write the main features of the official language Act 1963 (Act 19 of 1963)
GK3. Write a note in not more than 200 words on any one of the following 15 marks
a) Public sector disinvestment programme
b) Amarnath yatra
c) SAARC
GK 4. Fill up the blanks with suitable preposition 5 marks
Coming back _______ the Eastern Railway, operations were _____ its peak efficiency and ____ February and March 1969, _____ loading figures ____ coal and general goods set new records. ___ far ____ general goods loading is concerned the figures obtained _____ those months have never been reached subsequently.
GK 5. Name the authors of the following books 5 marks
a) Discovery of India
b) My experiments with truth
c) Passage to India
d) As you like it
e) Ivanhoe
GK 6. What is common to the following railway stations from the point of view of fast travel 5 marks
Lucknow, Kalka, Amritsar, Dehardun, Bhopal, Bokaro, Ahmedabad, and Bangalore
GK 7. Name the four highest civilian awards given in our country naming atleast two recipients of the highest award 5 marks
SECTION B (MAXIMUM MARKS 100)
This section contains two parts A and B. attempt any four questions taking any two from each part. All questions carry equal marks of 25
PART A
BA 1. What are the various instruments through which the Indian railway finance corporation raises funds? How are these deposited to meet the capital requirement of railways ? how does the Indian railways discharge its liability to the corporation?
BA 2. write short notes on any four
a) Amortisation
b) Capital Fund
c) Railway Fare And Freight Enquiry Committee
d) Activity Based Costing
e) BOLT Schemes
f) Budgetary Reports
BA3. What are the various committees of parliament relating to railway financial performance? Explain in detail the working of any one of the committees
BA4. “In the wake of economic reforms and liberalisation policies Indian railway’s system and procedures require fundamental change” discuss
BA 5. (a) What is the purpose of different funds in the set up of the existing railway’s financial system?
(b) What are the implications in financial terms and nature of justification between charging of works to capital fund and capital-at-charge?
PART B
BB 1. What do you understand by zero based budget? How is this improvement over the conventional system of budgeting in railways?
BB2. Explain the present system of remittance of earnings into government account. What are your suggestions for improving the promptness of accountal?
BB3. How is the earnings budget of a railway formulated? What is the usefulness of various statistical data in this exercise?
BB4. Within the appropriations voted by parliament, relays should be free to prioritise their investments on works, rolling stock and machinery and plant. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.
BB5. The present system of closing of accounts and transfer adjustments delay the availability of accounting information for decision making. What are the areas in which this can be improved upon?
LDCE QUESTION PAPERS YEAR WISE
7th September 1996
PAPER II
FINANCIAL JUSTIFICATION FOR EXPENDITURE AND TRAFFIC COSTING: MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING, TRAFFIC ACCOUNTS AND STATISTICS: ESTABLISHMENT (OR) GENERAL EXPENDITURE ACCOUNTS WORKSHOP AND STORES ACCOUNTS
Important: this paper contains two sections A and B. both the sections have to be answered. Section A is compulsory for all candidates and carries 50 marks maximum
Section B which carries 100 marks maximum has two parts A and B. candidates should attempt either of the two papers depending on their optional subjects.
Section A maximum marks 50
A – 1. what do you understand by “life-cycle” costing? What are the important areas where it can be employed? How is it an improvement over the normally known costing system?
A – 2. what is meant by financial ratios? Enumerate any three of them. Can the operating ratio be considered as a financial ratio? Give reasons for your answer
A – 3. a work costing Rs 75 Lakhs and not included in the sanctioned budget is required to be executed urgently. What is the procedure to be followed in the zonal railway before the work can be commenced?
A- 4. in regard to goods traffic what is the traffic costing information available? How are they helpful in investment formulation?
Section B
Important: this section contains two part A & B. either part A or Part B should be attempted by candidates depending on their choice of optional. Each part contains a maximum of 100 marks.
Part A Traffic accounts and statistics establishment
Answer any three questions
All questions carry equal marks
BA 1. What is the impact and consequential changes on the traffic accounts office due to introduction of passenger reservation system (PRS) and advanced railway ticketing system (ARTS)? Has this contributed to the efficiency of internal check?
BA 2. Write short notes on
a) Cash in transit
b) Leave not due
c) Ex- Gratia bonus
d) Demands recoverable
e) Charges for haulage of postal traffic
BA 3. What are the types of statistical information generated from a goods invoice? Explain in detail how any three of them are calculated.
BA 4. How far can the procedure relating to internal check in the accounts code be dispensed with in respect of computer prepared pay bills?
BA 5. The performance of the accounts dept in recovering dues to the administration from the employees requires improvement. Can you suggest any system improvement?
Part B General Expenditure accounts workshop and stores accounts
BB1. Higher inventory levels are preferable to “out of stock” situations. What are the economic and financial implications?
BB2 what are the existing safe guards for effective control over expenditure? Can you suggest any improvement?
BB 3. What do you understand by the “two envelope system” in a works tender? How is this an improvement over the existing open tender system?
BB4. The existing system of incentive payment encourages inefficiency and dilutes quality. Can you suggest any alternative system to improve productivity in the workshops?
BB 5. an item was simultaneously ordered on two sources after an open tender – A at Rs 2.00 per unit and B at Rs 2.05 per unit. B completes his supply within the delivery period of 90 days and A fails to even commence supply. In this back ground a proposal is received from the COS for enhancing the quantity on B, arguing that the item is regularly required and stocks will last only 15 days. B is agreeable for the enhancement. What will be your recommendations on the proposal? Give reasons for your answer.
LDCE QUESTIONS 1994
LDCE QUESTION PAPERS YEAR WISE
MAY 1994
PAPER I
GENERAL KNOWLDEDGE AND ENGLISH; GENERAL PRICIPLES OF GOVERNEMNT ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RAILWAYS; BOOKS AND BUDGET INCLUDING TRAFFIC BOOK
Important: this paper contains two sections A and B. both the sections have to be answered. Section A carries 50 maximutm, and section B carries 100 marks
SECTION A (Max marks 50)
GK1. Expand the abbreviations in any five 5 marks
i. GATT
ii. IMF
iii. ANC
iv. ASEAN
v. SLV
vi. NPT
vii. CAT
viii. RBI
ix. ADB
x. UPSC
GK 2. Write short note on any five 10 marks
i. Isobar
ii. Dunkel
iii. Territorial waters
iv. Wind farms
v. Bosania
vi. Telugu ganga
vii. Nelson Mandela
viii. Yasser Arafat
ix. Narmada project
x. Hazarat bal mosque
GK 3. Match the following 5 marks
i. Lara a. Jhansi
ii. Rabindranath Tagore b. Atomic Energy
iii. Lakshmi Bai c. Cricket
iv. Homi Baba d. Chess
v. Anand e. Geethanjali
GK 4. Use any five of the following pairs of words in sentences of your own 10 marks
i. coarse – course vi. Prey - pray
ii. wise - vice vii. Brake - break
iii. call – cavail viii. Tall – toll
iv. rain – rein ix. Foil - fail
v. sell - cell x. Naval – Novel
GK 5. Fill up the blank with suitable prepositions 5 marks
The absence _____ census data is taken advantage of ____ various persons ____ each state ____boost the estimates _______ persons speaking their language.
GK 6. Write a note in not more than 250 words one of the following 10 marks
a. national literacy programme
b. rail road coordination
c. public sector undertaking
GK 7. Give one word for any five of the following 5 marks
i. one who sells flowers
ii. doctor treating children
iii. specialist in heart disease
iv. documents issued by authority to its citizens who wants to travel abroad
v. the presiding authority over Lok Sabha who generally conducts its proceedings
vi. one who writes dramas
vii. the highest point of a mountain
viii. a person who knows a number of languages
ix. science dealing with study of animals and birds
SECTION B
This section contains two parts A and B. Attempt any four questions taking any two from each part. All questions carry equal marks
PART A
BA 1. Discuss the committee system introduced for ________ of the budget and examine whether this in any way rendered any of other already existing instrument/procedure for financial control of railway by parliament redundant.
BA 2. What is the purpose of different “funds” in the set up of existing financial system of railways? Has there been any change in the last two years? Discuss the pros and cons of the change if any
BA 3. In what way the present set up and systems and procedures in railway help or hinder the railway in coping with the recent liberalisation policy initiated by the Government? Discuss
BA 4. Write short notes on any four
a. Railway Convention Committee
b. Plan Heads
c. Indian Railway Finance Corporation
d. Konkan Railway Corporation
e. Canons Of Financial Propriety
BA 5. What is the need for separate audit by representatives of the Comptroller and Auditor General? With more effective organisation or internal auditing system can it be dispensed with? Discuss
PART B
BB 1. Do you consider the present procedure method of assessing earnings effective and realistic? Suggest any improvements / innovations you feel necessary
BB 2. How far the principles of zero based budgeting and management accounting been adopted I n railway in assessing the requirement as also reasonableness and need of inputs and analysis and presentation? Discuss
BB 3. “The present system of monitoring and accountal of remittance of earnings is not effective In preventing frauds”. Discuss. Do you suggest any procedural changes?
BB 4. “The present procedure of apportionment of earnings and expenditure is not fair to the southern railway with limited lead”. Discuss
BB 5. Discuss whether it is necessary to have Annual Works Programme, and M&P as at present? What are the alternatives/improvements you would suggest and why?
LDCE QUESTION PAPERS YEAR WISE
May 1994
PAPER II
FINANCIAL JUSTIFICATION FOR EXPENDITURE AND TRAFFIC COSTING: MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING, TRAFFIC ACCOUNTS AND STATISTICS: ESTABLISHMENT (OR) GENERAL EXPENDITURE ACCOUNTS WORKSHOP AND STORES ACCOUNTS
Important: this paper contains two sections A and B. both the sections have to be answered. Section A is compulsory for all candidates and carries 50 marks maximum
Section B which carries 100 marks maximum has two parts A and B. candidates should attempt either of the two papers depending on their optional subjects.
Section A maximum marks 50
Attempt any two questions. Each questing carries 25 marks
A – 1. How far the present traffic costing been effective in determining realistically the financial viability of introduction of new trains/augmentation of service?
A – 2. “Traffic costing like statistics is often used not for enlightenment in taking correct decision but for supporting decisions one wants to take”. How far is this statement well founded or unfounded. Discuss with specific cases if any illustrating your stand.
A – 3. How often the principle of marginal costing used in capturing / retaining the customer while protecting and furthering the financial interest of railways? Illustrate
A – 4. How far the principle of zero based assessment of inputs and innovation in management accounting principles utilised to further the objective of change over to unigauge system? Discuss.
SECTION B
Important: This section contains two parts A and B. Either part A or part B should be attempted by candidates depending on their choice of optional Each part contains a maximum of 100 marks
Part A (TRAFFIC ACCOUNTS AND STATISTICS; ESTABLISHMENT)
Answer any three questions. All questions carry equal marks
BA – 1. How far the present method of compilation and presentation of statistical data helped in effective management decision and control on railway?
BA – 2. Division as profit center knows its expenditure and not its earnings. How far divisionalisation of traffic accounts help in ensuring effective informed participation nad mobilisation in bettering the financial performance of the division?
BA – 3. Has the computerisation of reservation system helped in improving the earnings, effecting analysis of passenger profile to maximise the earnings/utilisation of seats, plug loopholes? Discuss the effectiveness of passenger reservation system (PRS) and advance railway ticketing system(ARTS) introduced in current booking.
BA – 4. Write Short Notes On
a. Firms Credit Notes (FCNs)
b. Special Casual Leave
c. National Holiday
d. Wage Period
e. Productivity Linked Bonus (PLB)
BA – 5. Discuss the present method of accountal and recovery of advances and dues like festival advances, diet charges, electricity charges from the staff. Discuss whether the system for recovery is effective and suggest any improvement felt necessary
BA – 6. What are the steps you would suggest to control the expenditure on establishment – which has almost doubled over the last few years – for improving the competitiveness of the railways and its viability?
PART B (GENERAL EXPENDITURE ACCOUNTS AND WORKSHOP AND STORES ACCOUNTS)
Answer any THREE questions. All questions carry equal marks
BB – 1. Is risk purchase effective in our system? If not why not and what is the procedural/policy correctives you would suggest?
BB -2. With the cost of finance the inventory carriage is increasingly becoming costly. How can railways reduce inventory without compromising on effectiveness of its service and also ensure economy?
BB - 3. Discuss the effectiveness of prevailing system of incentive payment in railway workshop. How is it an instrument for improving productivity with quality commensurate with investment for modernisation of the workshop?
BB – 4. How far the system of purchase through open tenders ensured quality with economy and reliability? Should railway change over to a system of identifying reliable suppliers with long term commitment in the interest of ensuring quality and reliability?
BB – 5. is the present procedure/method of planning , procuring and inducting machines as replacement or for modernisation cost effective? What are the improvements you suggest to ensure the investments slim, strictly need based and improvement is productivity commensurate with investment is ensured?
BB – 6. There is growing feeling that “we should better privatise, better buy than make”. Why is this so? What role can stores and workshop accounts play to rationalise and ensure “makes”, more attractive than “buys” and reverse the trend?
MAY 1994
PAPER I
GENERAL KNOWLDEDGE AND ENGLISH; GENERAL PRICIPLES OF GOVERNEMNT ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RAILWAYS; BOOKS AND BUDGET INCLUDING TRAFFIC BOOK
Important: this paper contains two sections A and B. both the sections have to be answered. Section A carries 50 maximutm, and section B carries 100 marks
SECTION A (Max marks 50)
GK1. Expand the abbreviations in any five 5 marks
i. GATT
ii. IMF
iii. ANC
iv. ASEAN
v. SLV
vi. NPT
vii. CAT
viii. RBI
ix. ADB
x. UPSC
GK 2. Write short note on any five 10 marks
i. Isobar
ii. Dunkel
iii. Territorial waters
iv. Wind farms
v. Bosania
vi. Telugu ganga
vii. Nelson Mandela
viii. Yasser Arafat
ix. Narmada project
x. Hazarat bal mosque
GK 3. Match the following 5 marks
i. Lara a. Jhansi
ii. Rabindranath Tagore b. Atomic Energy
iii. Lakshmi Bai c. Cricket
iv. Homi Baba d. Chess
v. Anand e. Geethanjali
GK 4. Use any five of the following pairs of words in sentences of your own 10 marks
i. coarse – course vi. Prey - pray
ii. wise - vice vii. Brake - break
iii. call – cavail viii. Tall – toll
iv. rain – rein ix. Foil - fail
v. sell - cell x. Naval – Novel
GK 5. Fill up the blank with suitable prepositions 5 marks
The absence _____ census data is taken advantage of ____ various persons ____ each state ____boost the estimates _______ persons speaking their language.
GK 6. Write a note in not more than 250 words one of the following 10 marks
a. national literacy programme
b. rail road coordination
c. public sector undertaking
GK 7. Give one word for any five of the following 5 marks
i. one who sells flowers
ii. doctor treating children
iii. specialist in heart disease
iv. documents issued by authority to its citizens who wants to travel abroad
v. the presiding authority over Lok Sabha who generally conducts its proceedings
vi. one who writes dramas
vii. the highest point of a mountain
viii. a person who knows a number of languages
ix. science dealing with study of animals and birds
SECTION B
This section contains two parts A and B. Attempt any four questions taking any two from each part. All questions carry equal marks
PART A
BA 1. Discuss the committee system introduced for ________ of the budget and examine whether this in any way rendered any of other already existing instrument/procedure for financial control of railway by parliament redundant.
BA 2. What is the purpose of different “funds” in the set up of existing financial system of railways? Has there been any change in the last two years? Discuss the pros and cons of the change if any
BA 3. In what way the present set up and systems and procedures in railway help or hinder the railway in coping with the recent liberalisation policy initiated by the Government? Discuss
BA 4. Write short notes on any four
a. Railway Convention Committee
b. Plan Heads
c. Indian Railway Finance Corporation
d. Konkan Railway Corporation
e. Canons Of Financial Propriety
BA 5. What is the need for separate audit by representatives of the Comptroller and Auditor General? With more effective organisation or internal auditing system can it be dispensed with? Discuss
PART B
BB 1. Do you consider the present procedure method of assessing earnings effective and realistic? Suggest any improvements / innovations you feel necessary
BB 2. How far the principles of zero based budgeting and management accounting been adopted I n railway in assessing the requirement as also reasonableness and need of inputs and analysis and presentation? Discuss
BB 3. “The present system of monitoring and accountal of remittance of earnings is not effective In preventing frauds”. Discuss. Do you suggest any procedural changes?
BB 4. “The present procedure of apportionment of earnings and expenditure is not fair to the southern railway with limited lead”. Discuss
BB 5. Discuss whether it is necessary to have Annual Works Programme, and M&P as at present? What are the alternatives/improvements you would suggest and why?
LDCE QUESTION PAPERS YEAR WISE
May 1994
PAPER II
FINANCIAL JUSTIFICATION FOR EXPENDITURE AND TRAFFIC COSTING: MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING, TRAFFIC ACCOUNTS AND STATISTICS: ESTABLISHMENT (OR) GENERAL EXPENDITURE ACCOUNTS WORKSHOP AND STORES ACCOUNTS
Important: this paper contains two sections A and B. both the sections have to be answered. Section A is compulsory for all candidates and carries 50 marks maximum
Section B which carries 100 marks maximum has two parts A and B. candidates should attempt either of the two papers depending on their optional subjects.
Section A maximum marks 50
Attempt any two questions. Each questing carries 25 marks
A – 1. How far the present traffic costing been effective in determining realistically the financial viability of introduction of new trains/augmentation of service?
A – 2. “Traffic costing like statistics is often used not for enlightenment in taking correct decision but for supporting decisions one wants to take”. How far is this statement well founded or unfounded. Discuss with specific cases if any illustrating your stand.
A – 3. How often the principle of marginal costing used in capturing / retaining the customer while protecting and furthering the financial interest of railways? Illustrate
A – 4. How far the principle of zero based assessment of inputs and innovation in management accounting principles utilised to further the objective of change over to unigauge system? Discuss.
SECTION B
Important: This section contains two parts A and B. Either part A or part B should be attempted by candidates depending on their choice of optional Each part contains a maximum of 100 marks
Part A (TRAFFIC ACCOUNTS AND STATISTICS; ESTABLISHMENT)
Answer any three questions. All questions carry equal marks
BA – 1. How far the present method of compilation and presentation of statistical data helped in effective management decision and control on railway?
BA – 2. Division as profit center knows its expenditure and not its earnings. How far divisionalisation of traffic accounts help in ensuring effective informed participation nad mobilisation in bettering the financial performance of the division?
BA – 3. Has the computerisation of reservation system helped in improving the earnings, effecting analysis of passenger profile to maximise the earnings/utilisation of seats, plug loopholes? Discuss the effectiveness of passenger reservation system (PRS) and advance railway ticketing system(ARTS) introduced in current booking.
BA – 4. Write Short Notes On
a. Firms Credit Notes (FCNs)
b. Special Casual Leave
c. National Holiday
d. Wage Period
e. Productivity Linked Bonus (PLB)
BA – 5. Discuss the present method of accountal and recovery of advances and dues like festival advances, diet charges, electricity charges from the staff. Discuss whether the system for recovery is effective and suggest any improvement felt necessary
BA – 6. What are the steps you would suggest to control the expenditure on establishment – which has almost doubled over the last few years – for improving the competitiveness of the railways and its viability?
PART B (GENERAL EXPENDITURE ACCOUNTS AND WORKSHOP AND STORES ACCOUNTS)
Answer any THREE questions. All questions carry equal marks
BB – 1. Is risk purchase effective in our system? If not why not and what is the procedural/policy correctives you would suggest?
BB -2. With the cost of finance the inventory carriage is increasingly becoming costly. How can railways reduce inventory without compromising on effectiveness of its service and also ensure economy?
BB - 3. Discuss the effectiveness of prevailing system of incentive payment in railway workshop. How is it an instrument for improving productivity with quality commensurate with investment for modernisation of the workshop?
BB – 4. How far the system of purchase through open tenders ensured quality with economy and reliability? Should railway change over to a system of identifying reliable suppliers with long term commitment in the interest of ensuring quality and reliability?
BB – 5. is the present procedure/method of planning , procuring and inducting machines as replacement or for modernisation cost effective? What are the improvements you suggest to ensure the investments slim, strictly need based and improvement is productivity commensurate with investment is ensured?
BB – 6. There is growing feeling that “we should better privatise, better buy than make”. Why is this so? What role can stores and workshop accounts play to rationalise and ensure “makes”, more attractive than “buys” and reverse the trend?
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